2023年华慧考博：如何识别医学阅读里的逻辑结构

刚开始接触阅读的时候，学生的普遍难点在于生词多、句子结构分析错误或者速度慢，边查词边理解把阅读硬生生做成了翻译题，这样一来做题的时候总能排除两个特不靠谱的错误答案，在剩下两个模棱两可的答案中选错。

而这一问题的根源是对逻辑结构把握不准，所以在定位到关键词之后，不确定向上还是向下找信息，不确定是直接找定位处的同义替换还是需结合上下文概括。所以今天我们来讲一讲医学阅读里常见的逻辑结构，常见的逻辑结构有总分、平行、递进、让步转折与因果。

总分

总分关系通常体现在我们平常所说的上下义词，最常见的就是study/research——researcher(s)或者复数词——单数词，如：

Dry-cleaning machines that use liquid carbon dioxide as a solvent will go on sale in the US next year thanks to chemists in North Carolina who have developed CO2-soluble detergents. Dry-cleaners will lose their characteristic smell, and the new process will cut the amount of toxic waste produced in cleaning clothes.

Joseph DeSimone, a chemist at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, says liquid CO2 is an ideal solvent because after cleaning, the CO2 can be evaporated off, collected, liquefied and reused.

平行

平行关系通常与比较同时存在，所以其线索词与相似与比较（或差异）关系一致，单个词如difference和variation（similarly），短语other than/instead of...以及比较结构。

另外还需注意我们常说的“今昔对比”与“普遍——特殊”对比，前者的线索词如“once——now”，后者的线索词较多，如“most/a lot——few；always/often——seldom；normal——...”。如：

There is plenty we don’t know about criminal behavior. Most crime goes unreported so it is hard to pick out trends from the data, even reliable sets of statistics can be difficult to compare. But here is one thing we do know: those with a biological predisposition to violent behavior who are brought up in abusive homes are very likely to become lifelong criminals.

递进

递进关系在往年阅读中通常义语义递进或范围缩减两种模式体现，前者就好比平常我们阐述A对B有影响，那么这个影响究竟有益或有害则是递进，抑或A能促进B，而达成这一促进作用的作用机制（即how）也是递进，如：

The Dana Foundation, an organization with interests in neuroscience, immunology, and arts education, just released a three-year study that found that early training in the arts is possibly good for your brain. Neuroscientists and psychologists at several universities have now enhanced understanding of just how the arts might improve thinking, memory, and language skills.

后者通常出现在举例论证中选例范围的缩小，如：

Smiles convey a wide range of meanings in different eras and cultures, says art historian Angus Trumble, currently curator of Yale University’s Center for British Art, in his book A Brief History of the Smile. Compare, for instance, the varying impressions made by shy dimples of Leonardo’s Mona Lisa; the rosy-cheeked, mustachioed Laughing Cavalier of Frans Hals; and the “Smiley Face” logo perfected (though not invented) in 1963 by American graphic artist Harvey R. Ball.

In some non-Western cultures, Trumble notes, even a warm, open smile does not necessarily indicate pleasure or agreement. It can simply be a polite mask to cover emotions considered too rude or shocking to be openly displayed.

让步转折

让步转折关系的判断通常是由转折点确定的，常见逻辑词有indeed、in fact、actually等。

（让步）There can be no doubt that the effects of power lines on water droplets, pollutants and naturally occurring radon uncovered by the Bristol team are real and interesting. （转折）But to suggest that they have anything to do with leukemia in children is premature. The extra exposure to pollution for a child living near power lines would be tiny, and it is obvious why radon, a gas normally associated with lung cancer would cause leukemia in children.

因果

由于英汉双语逻辑的差异，英语中常先陈述结果，再阐明原因，这时原因的引出形式就多样化了。从语法逻辑角度说，因果关系可体现为明显因果逻辑词之外的由if或when引导的状语从句，或者在阐述观点态度语句（也就是所谓的定性词）后，如上一点中示例段落的第二、三句；从语义逻辑角度说，这一关系可体现为表“促进、加强”的动词或短语，如improve，或表“关联性”（link和relation）的动词或短语。

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